Main quest 'On the scent' has different endings if you try to finish the quest immediately vs. You need to know how to read before you start this quest, because the reading quest takes days. 'Pestilence,' villagers will start dying if they don't receive the treatment in time. 'In God's Hands,' Refugees will start dying if they haven't received treatment. The executioners quest 'Money for Old Rope,' the executioner tells you he can only hold off the execution for a week. In addition, here are the quests that I know for a fact are time sensitive (Warning: some minor spoliers):

If the next requirement for a quest is simply to 'travel to _ town,' then the quest is usually not time sensitive (unless explicitly stated).

If an NPC is waiting for you at a nearby location, even if they do not specify a time, they will not wait forever, this can vary wildly from quest to quest.

You must arrive at a specific location at a certain time.

Usually the NPC giving the quest will tell you in one of three ways: The only consistent way to tell if a quest is time sensitive or not is to pay attention to the initial dialogue.

Kingdom come deliverance siege quest